Each of these effects speak to typically observed issues in the conservation of such Zwischgold applied artefacts. The measurements clearly demonstrate decreasing density (increasing porosity) of the leaf materials and their corrosion products, as well as delamination of the leaves from their substrate. We have acquired quantitative, 3D nanoscale images of Zwischgold samples from 15 th century artefacts and modern materials using ptychographic X-ray computed tomography (PXCT), a recently developed coherent diffractive imaging technique, to investigate the leaf structure and chemical state of Zwischgold. The conservation of such Zwischgold applied artefacts has been an obstinate problem. Zwischgold corrodes quickly when exposed to air, causing the surface of the artefact to darken and lose gloss. Many European sculptures and altarpieces from the Middle Ages were decorated with Zwischgold, a bilayer metal leaf with an ultra-thin gold face backed by silver. TH Köln – University of Applied Sciences, Ubierring 40, 50678 Köln, GermanyĮ-mail: University of Applied Sciences (BUAS), FellerstraBern, SwitzerlandĮ-mail: Scherrer Institute (PSI), Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen-PSI, SwitzerlandĮ-mail: and Nanoanalytics Group, Universität Siegen, Paul-Bonatz-Strasse 9-11, 57076 Siegen, GermanyĮ-mail: Zeiss SMT, Carl-Zeiss-Straße 22, 73447 Oberkochen, Germanyīrookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, U.S.AĮ-mail: Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, GermanyĮ-mail: für Nanotechnologie und korrelative Mikroskopie (INAM), Äußere Nürnberger Strasse 62, 91301 Forchheim, Germany University of Zurich (UZH), RämistraZurich, Switzerland
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